3D printing is a fast-moving manufacturing method for hobbyists and industry alike. The number of different companies producing printers and printing supplies continues to grow. Indeed, in the world of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing, new printers emerge from the design table with remarkable regularity.
The basic concept of FDM is to deposit thin layers of melted material – also known as filament – on top of each other to eventually, bit by bit, form a 3D shape. The quality and ultimate performance of your print will largely be determined by the filament you choose.
The most popular types of filament among hobbyists are PLA (polylactic acid), ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), and PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol). Each one is fairly cheap to produce and purchase and can be found on the roster of most filament manufacturers. Such companies include Overture, eSun, and Sunlu but there are many others producing quality filament for the 3D printing market.
One such company is Fillamentum, and it is their filaments that we’re going to be doing a deep dive into today. But who or what is Fillamentum?
Fillamentum was established as a company in 2011 and is based in the Czech Republic. Since then, they have developed an international presence in the 3D printing world, delivering their products to over 60 countries worldwide.
The company itself has other strings to its bow in the fields of research and development (R&D) and works closely with universities and chemical companies. It’s the R&D side of the company that has led to its massive range of different filament types.
In fact, as you’ll read, Fillamentum currently has a range of over 20 filament types in many colors and textures. As we’ve said, PLA, ABS, and PETG are the three most popular types of filament, but what about all the other types of filament that are offered? Well, let’s take a closer look at what Fillamentum’s R&D work has uncovered.
As we’ve mentioned, PLA is one of the most popular filaments in the world of 3D printing. Therefore, it makes sense to start by taking a look at Fillamentum’s range of PLA-based filaments.
This is what could be termed the “basic” filament in Fillamentum’s stable. Having said that though, there’s no reason to consider it any less of a product than its rivals. The filament itself is odorless and easy to print with due to its low working temperatures. PLA is relatively strong once printed but isn’t particularly resistant to water in the long term and will fade in sunlight.
Post-processing of PLA is easy: sand, smooth, and glue if necessary. Paint also works well to give the final finishing touches. Although, with 53 different colors of filaments available, you’re bound to find something of your taste. Keep an eye out for their Vertigo colors – the first glitter filaments to hit the market!
This has the same basic qualities as PLA Extrafill but, as the name suggests, it’s translucent, making it appear “crystal” like and with a high gloss. It also has slightly improved resistance to heat and sunlight than standard PLA.
Another PLA-based filament but this time with the addition of polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB). The blending of PLA with PHB gives the filament improved toughness and temperature resistance while still being easy to print and work with. It also has better water resistance and can be printed at lower temperatures.
The main selling point of NonOilen is the claim to be 100% biodegradable and bio-based. This, as well as the other PLA variants, are safe for food contact. Fillamentum has claimed this filament is even suitable for printing dishwasher-safe dishware – or just stick to “green” prototypes and models.
We know that PETG is a popular choice with 3D printing hobbyists, but it can be slightly more difficult to work with than ABS. Working temperatures are typically higher than those of PLA, but the payoff is in the extra strength and durability that PETG can offer.
Fillamentum’s PETG can give you what you have learned to expect from any PETG filament: flexibility and durability. Compared to PLA and ABS, PETG is not as stiff, but it can withstand repeated flexing, so it may be a good option for parts that need a bit of bend. PETG is also more suitable for outdoor uses, water contact applications, and electrical components.
Not a particularly “catchy” name for this filament, but at least, it’s not easy to confuse with other brands. This is, of course, PETG-based, but the addition of a certain monomer improves strength and durability. Fillamentum doesn’t disclose exactly what the monomer in question is, but it obviously works.
CPE HG100 has been developed primarily for printing technical prints with fine detail due to its combination of mechanical properties and high-precision printing. This filament is a great pick if you’re looking for a material for a complex print that will hold up against both physical and some chemical wear without becoming too brittle.
ABS is much like PLA and PETG in that it’s fairly easy to print with and post-processing is straightforward. However, ABS is favored by those wanting to make everyday items. Its strength and composition make it ideal for printing parts that may see a lot of wear or elevated temperatures.
Much like the PLA Extrafill, this is Fillamentum’s basic ABS filament. With working temperatures somewhere between PLA and PETG, it’s easy enough to use and produces a smooth finish. The tensile strength and impact resistance make it a good choice for prototypes but also production items.
The PC part of this filament blend is polycarbonate, which adds even more strength and durability to the standard ABS. Developed mainly for use in the automotive industry, PC/ABS is ideal for small components that may see a lot of daily use. It’s lightweight but has more flex strength than other comparable filaments.
Though these great properties will come at a price, as the filament is considerably more expensive than ABS Extrafill. You’re also going to need a printer capable of handling the higher temperatures. Also, this material is hygroscopic, so it may require some drying in order to get a nice print.
Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) was developed as an alternative to ABS with a focus on better weather resistance. This makes it ideal for printing parts or models for use outdoors that may have long-term exposure to high temperatures or UV light. Examples of this could be hosepipe clips, adapters, plant pots, or even small tools.
An added benefit of ASA over ABS is that it’s slightly easier to print with, and you might not face as many problems with warping of prints as you might with ABS.
Nylon is a well-known material that has an impressive variety of uses. You may know it from your clothing, where it is added to give cotton a reinforcing stretchiness. One use of nylon you may not be familiar with is in ropes and military-grade parachute cords owing to its exceptional strength.
Nylon also has certain properties that lend itself to the medium of 3D printing. The main difference between nylon and other common filaments such as PLA and PETG lies in its long-term durability.
This material uses similar parameters for 3D printing as many of the other filaments we’ve already discussed. The nylon structure makes it both strong and durable while remaining slightly flexible after printing.
Taking advantage of Nylon FX256’s resistance to oil and other chemicals, typical applications for this material would be in the automotive industry. The printing of functional prototypes is again a good choice for this filament, as are mechanical parts and tools.
This filament has all the same melting properties of nylon, but there’s a little something extra in this formulation, namely 8% aramid fibers. This reinforces the nylon, making it even stronger than it is alone.
Aramide, also known under the band name Kevlar, is an extremely tough material, capable of meeting specifications for high-end applications including automotive, aerospace, and military. In addition to strength, the upside is an even greater resistance against chemicals targeted toward more industrial applications. These fibers do, however, reduce the stretchability of nylon.
Uses for this filament are similar to that of the other nylon filaments but with added suitability for stressed components like cogs or pulley carriage wheels (similar to the wheels used to move the carriages on your FDM 3D printer).
This filament is again made from polyamide 12, but this time, the reinforcement comes from the addition of 15% milled carbon fiber. This, of course, gives the filament much more strength while again retaining the same melting properties of nylon. The significant loading of carbon fiber makes this the toughest option out of all three nylon variations offered by Fillamentum.
Additionally, the high-end chemical resistance makes this filament suitable for parts in many industrial settings, even in continuous stress scenarios – quite impressive for a 3D printed part.
With all of these nylon filaments, it’s worth noting the higher temperatures required for build plate or bed adhesion. This may not be something that your printer can handle, so keep that in mind before buying an expensive spool of filament.
Starting from this section, we’re moving on to less commonly used filament types. As such, we’ll be grouping them according to either the product range at Fillamentum or according to their properties and applications.
So, let’s first look at Fillamentum’s “Flexifill” range.
TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) is much more flexible than the filaments we’ve already looked at. This makes it ideal for use in printing things like seals around joints, moving parts, or even flexible toys. It has a high resistance to tearing, meaning it will bend but not easily break. Despite its flexibility, it still retains high strength, weather resistance, and electrical insulation properties.
Fillamentum actually produces two variants of this filament under the names Flexifill TPU 92A and Flexifill TPU 98A. The difference between the two is the Shore hardness value expressed in the filament name, with Flexifill TPU 98A being classified as semi-flexible and Flexifill TPU 92A being the flexible option.
TPE (polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomer) is very similar in properties to TPU. The slight difference here, though, is TPE’s food-safe formulation – which makes it ideal for printing sealable lids for food containers, as an example. It’s also better for contact with the skin, making this filament a good choice for wearables.
Fillmentum produces this filament with two different hardness options: Flexifill TPE 90A and Flexifill TPE 96A.
PEBA (polyether block amide) is a polymer specifically developed as a material for 3D printing. This filament stands out amongst the other options in this category for its amazing flexibility. During tests, this guy could withstand being stretched 1,000% of its original length before breaking.
If you’re looking for a lightweight and very flexible filament, this may be a good choice for you, although it may weaken with water exposure. On the other hand, PEBA can offer reliable resistance to car fluids and other chemicals in the automotive industry.
PEBA remains flexible after printing and at low temperatures but only comes in one hardness option (90A). It’s also worth noting the price, as it isn’t cheap. It may be best left for the more experienced user.
Composite or “filled” filaments can fall into two categories. The first include those where an element has been combined with a polymer to create a printable material with aesthetic properties (appearance, texture, smell) not achievable with polymer alone. In the second, extra components are added to polymers for the purpose of improving mechanical performance, as we saw in the section on nylons.
Fillamentum has used both of these methods in producing some interesting and useful filaments.
Timberfill, as the name suggests, is a polymer-wood composite that contains 15% fibers sourced from spruce trees. The rest of the filament is apparently biopolymers, and the filament as a whole can be biodegraded under appropriate conditions. Fillamentum doesn’t specify exactly what biopolymers they’re using; we suppose they don’t want to give away “The Colonel’s Secret Recipe” so to speak!
Timberfill actually displays many of the properties of PLA when in use but prints at a much lower temperature. Once printed, Timberfill looks, feels, and even smells like wood! The smell dissipates after a while, but the overall appearance of a Timberfill part remains that of a piece of wood. Post-process the part as you would a piece of wood, with sanding, staining, and finishing as required.
Much like its counterpart (CPE HG100), this filament doesn’t have the catchiest of names! If you recall the PETG section, CPE HG100 is a great durable yet approachable filament perfect for slightly more demanding applications than models and prototypes. CPE CF112 Carbon doubles down on this durability with the addition of carbon fiber for reinforcement. The result has the same reliable durability while also having a much stronger mechanical performance.
This filament was originally developed for its technical capabilities and high-pressure resistance. These aspects give a relatively improved printing experience despite the challenge of a fiber-filled filament. The resulting parts have a smooth, matte finish and can withstand long-term loads in functional roles. At the end of the day, this isn’t the easiest or cheapest filament to work with, so beginners beware.
These filaments are designed for more industrial and technical use, so they may not be something that the average 3D printing hobbyist might use. However, there may be certain situations where you need a particular part or are prototyping a model and you could benefit from the high-performance or specialized properties that these filaments can offer.
This filament is composed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is a type of plastic that you likely encounter every single day, whether you’re aware of it or not. In fact, many household plastic items like reusable plastic dishware, the protective gloves you may wear for cleaning them, and the vinyl record you’re playing while you clean are all actually made of PVC.
Vinyl 303 as a 3D printing filament offers flame retardancy as well as water and chemical resistance. This is an all-around great filament for printing functional prototypes, spare machine parts, or anything that will see plenty of wear and tear. Just keep in mind that this guy is rigid and strong, so don’t expect too much in terms of flexibility.
Fluorodur is another engineering filament composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). While similar to Vinyl 303 in terms of rigidity and strength, Fluorodur offers greater resistance to UV radiation, making it suitable for outdoor uses. On top of that, if you’re looking for a material that can withstand exposure to just about any chemical, even at temperatures 100 °C and above, this is the filament for you.
While Fluorodor’s temperature resistance gives it an advantage during use, this does mean printing is a bit trickier, as higher working temperatures come into play. Many desktop 3D printers may not be able to handle the processing parameters required for printing this filament. Lastly, its high price and industrially-oriented applications indicate this filament should be reserved for specialty applications.
These filaments are, as with the previous section, aimed at more high-end uses, so they might not be worth it for the average home 3D print enthusiast. However, if you’re looking for some special properties in a bendable filament, we’re about it break it down for you.
Here, we have good ol’ polypropylene (PP). This is the plastic with the highest volume of production worldwide. It has uses in household goods, medical devices, clothing, and electrical equipment, just to start. Its bare-bones chemical structure makes it pretty resistant to most substances and easy to recycle.
Now entering the 3D printing world as a filament option, it has found uses in the housing of electrical components. Thanks to its electrical insulating properties, Fillamentum has recommended this filament for printing casing for electrical cables. Heat tolerances are also high but, as with Fluorodor, this makes working temperature ranges a bit of an issue. PP has a reputation for being a challenging filament to work with, so enter at your own risk.
OBC 905 is Fillamentum’s newest filament type based from polyethylene. This olefinic block copolymer, or OBC, is a low-density but high-impact resistant filament that also boasts water and substance resistance. In other words, use this filament to build lightweight yet durable parts.
The filament itself has a multitude of uses that could benefit from any of its features, which include electrical insulation properties, low moisture and gas permeability, and resistance to temperatures up to 100 °C. Another unique quality of this filament is that it remains flexible for up to a week after printing, then it will become more rigid. Use this material for plastic hinges, like those for snap caps, for flexible durability that will last, even after many bending cycles.
Last but by no means least, we have the one filament in Fillamentum’s catalog that truly earns the title of “multi-purpose”. It could, of course, be said that some of the other filaments we’ve discussed fall into the category of having many uses, but we think this filament takes “multi-purpose” to a new height.
High-impact polystyrene, or HIPS, can be used to print functional parts with decent strength and toughness as well as resistance to water and other common fluids. However, bringing this guy into contact with Fillamentum’s Lemonosol (or generic limonene), which is made from oil from citrus fruit peels, the print will melt away.
The filament is ideal for use with dual extrusion 3D printers. This is where you can have two different rolls of filament printing onto the same print bed. You would print the supports for your model using HIPS, while the model itself would be printed in another filament. The completed model can be immersed in Lemonsol for a few hours to dissolve the HIPS supports without any damage to the final part!
If you’ve got the printer capabilities, this filament is great to use as support material when you have delicate or complex prints that could be potentially damaged in post-processing. Alternatively, use HIPS to print your desired model and Lemonsol as the vapor smoothing agent for a super smooth and shiny piece!
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